Corresponding author: Dmitry O. Smolentsev ( dsmol@ibrae.ac.ru ) Academic editor: Yury Kazansky
© 2021 Ashot A. Sarkisov, Sergey V. Antipov, Dmitry O. Smolentsev, Vyacheslav P. Bilashenko, Mikhail N. Kobrinsky, Vladimir A. Sotnikov, Pavel A. Shvedov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sarkisov AA, Antipov SV, Smolentsev DO, Bilashenko VP, Kobrinsky MN, Sotnikov VA, Shvedov PA (2021) Low-power nuclear power plants in the context of electric power systems transformation. Nuclear Energy and Technology 7(1): 55-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/nucet.7.65315
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Increasing economic importance of the Arctic, further intensification of northern sea routes, and exceptional sensitivity of the arctic natural environment to anthropogenic impacts are fundamental factors for a comprehensive study of environmental aspects in the application of innovative technologies for the development of infrastructure in the Arctic.
Despite the growing interest in low-power nuclear power plants as a distributed generation facility, their possible application in technologically isolated power systems does not lose relevance. The development of both the Arctic and Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation presents great opportunities and demand for the use of nuclear power sources. Also, development programs for the Russian arctic zone imply a significant increase in the role and number of nuclear power facilities, in other words of potential radiation-hazardous facilities.
Large-scale use of nuclear-powered installations in the Arctic necessitates advanced development of a scientifically grounded and modern forecasting system as well as assessments of threats and risks in case of possible radiation emergencies at nuclear- and radiation-hazardous facilities. Also, the development of proposals for necessary measures to minimize negative consequences of such emergencies is required. This is especially true for the case of compact placement of industrial, infrastructure and residential facilities in the Arctic in the immediate vicinity of nuclear facilities.
The paper demonstrates that the demand for low-power nuclear power plants and their competitiveness will grow steadily in the conditions of electric-power industry decentralization, further spread of distributed generation and the development of technologically isolated power systems. Approaches to the generation of a low nuclear-power system based on the philosophy of industrialization of production and centralized management are presented. Special features of the environmental impact assessment of low-power nuclear power plants for the development of a methodology to study the radio-ecological hazard related problems are provided.
Arctic region, Isolation Power System, Distributed Generation, Low-Power Nuclear Power Plant, Development Forecast, Radiation Safety, Sea Areas, Mathematical Modeling
Low-Power Nuclear Power Plants (LPNPPs) were traditionally intended for use in technologically isolated power systems. In remote regions of the Russian Federation such as the Arctic and the Far East, due to prevalence of decentralized power systems and severe climatic conditions requiring the use of environment-independent power sources autonomous LPNPPs may become a non-alternative basic option for power generation. Since the beginning of the 21st century, countries with a developed nuclear industry (the USA, Canada and Argentina) have been considering Small Modular Reactors (SMR) as promising facilities of distributed generation, which are integral elements of ‘smart energy’ (
Since 2018, there has been an increase in the development, licensing and construction of LPNPPs. In the town of Pevek, the world’s first Floating Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) ‘Akademik Lomonosov’ was put into commercial operation. In Russia, the USA and China preliminary sites for LPNPPs were identified (based on the RITM-200, NuScale and ACP-100 reactor installations, respectively), and licensing procedures are underway; commissioning of pilot plants is scheduled for 2027–2030. The US Department of Energy has initiated ‘The Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program’ which will provide $ 160 million. Simultaneously, the US Department of Defense is implementing ‘The Pele Project’ with a budget of about $40 million for competitive design of three nuclear micro-reactors with a capacity of 1–5 MW one of them will be selected in 2022 for practical implementation (Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program, Project “Pele”).
Both decentralization and development of distributed generation are a current trend that has the greatest impact on the power industry (Strategy for Digital Transformation, Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation, An Action Plan (“Roadmap”)). Facilities of distributed generation are power sources connected to the distribution network and / or those located directly at the power consumer (GOST 58092.1-2018; Preliminary National Standard of the Russian Federation). Thus, in order for LPNPP to comply with the requirements of power system decentralization, the following two conditions must be met:
On the other hand, when developing basic provisions of new architecture of electric power systems, LPNPP capabilities and competitive advantages should also be taken into account, such as:
Also, as applied to nuclear power plants, the terms ‘a small-generation facility’ and ‘a distributed-generation facility’ should not limit the installed capacity to 25 MW. Otherwise, some LPNPP projects (e.g. those based on the RITM-200 reactor installation) may be excluded from the architecture of the Internet of Energy. At present, in accordance with the status of ‘a wholesale market entity’ determined by the Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 26, 2003 ‘On Electric Power Industry’ this restriction has a widespread though not yet formal use (Preliminary National Standard of the Russian Federation).
Despite the growing interest in LPNPP as a facility of distributed generation, their use in technologically isolated power systems does not lose relevance. Further development of the Arctic and Far East regions of the Russian Federation presents great opportunities and demand for the use of nuclear power sources. Since the beginning of the 2000s, information about more than 20 potential sites for LPNPP emplacement in these regions may be found in published sources.
In accordance with the basic public documents regulating the development of both electric power industry and the Arctic region (Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation, Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian, Infrastructure Development Plan), civil application of nuclear-power technologies in the Russian Arctic is associated with:
For the Arctic region of Russia, the following categories of power-supply facilities are taken into consideration: transportable modular LPNPPs; nuclear thermal power plants; underwater LPNPPs for power supply of offshore oil-and-gas production complexes; and maintenance-free nuclear power sources using direct energy-conversion technologies.
Certainly, to optimize the cost of construction and the site accessibility for maintenance and research personnel, the first in their class LPNPPs should be emplaced in centralized power-supply areas. Expansion of LPNPPs into the Arctic region where their economic competitiveness is expectedly higher (
Prospects for the use of nuclear-power technologies in the Arctic region updated on the basis of Refs. (Infrastructure Development Plan,
Reactor installations operated (or planned for operation) in the Arctic region
RI type | Reactor Installations (RI) in operation | Thermal power, MW | Facility | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 (as of June) | 2030 (conservative scenario*) | 2030 (optimistic scenario*) | |||
OK-900А | 4 | 2 | 2 | 171 | ‘Yamal’ and ‘50 Years of Victory’ nuclear icebreakers |
KLT-40M | 2 | 0 | 0 | 171 | ‘Vaigach’ and ‘Taimyr’ nuclear icebreakers |
KLT-40 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 135 | ‘Sevmorput’ lighter carrier |
RITM-200 | 0 | 6 | 10+2 | 175 | Construction of a main and 4 serial nuclear universal icebreakers of design 22220 + LPNPP |
RITM-200B | 0 | 0 | 1 | 209 | Offshore nuclear icebreaker |
RITM-400 | 0 | 2 | 4+2 | 315 | Construction of a main and 1 serial nuclear icebreaker of ‘Leader’ design + arctic-class nuclear container ships |
KLT-40C | 2 | 2 | 4 | 150 | FNPP |
ABV-6M | 0 | 0 | 1–2 | 38 | LPNPP |
Shelf | 28 | ||||
Megawatt class RI | 0 | 0 | 1–2 | 3–6 | |
Total RI in operation | 9 | 12 | 27–29 | – | – |
The establishment of a LPNPP system is possible both on the basis of current developments and through designing new LPNPPs unified by power range, which meet the trends in power-system transformation addressed above. Both approaches require an audit of current research & development as well as the generation of a concept for LPNPP system in the Russian Federation. The development of this concept should include the following main milestones:
In accordance with Ref. (Fundamentals of Public Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period up to 2035), among major challenges of environmental protection and environmental safety are:
As part of the research on predicting environmental impact in the event of emergency at nuclear floating facilities, LPNPPs are considered among most promising power facilities for the Arctic region. Comprehensive modeling of the spread of radionuclides in various media (air, water) is being carried out, and recommendations for taking measures to minimize negative implications of emergencies for the population and the environment are being developed.
Large-scale application of nuclear installations in the Arctic region requires a scientifically based and modern system of forecasts and assessments of threats and risks in the event of a radiation emergency at nuclear- and radiation-hazardous facilities. Also, the development of proposals for taking adequate measures to minimize negative implications of such emergencies is required. This is especially true for the case of compact emplacement of industrial, infrastructure and residential facilities in the Arctic when LPNPP construction is planned in close proximity to the consumer. National nuclear regulatory authorities of leading nuclear countries have being already considering the possibility of reducing LPNPP controlled areas and supervised areas.
For further research of radio-ecological problems in the Russian Arctic zone in order to enhance radiation and environmental safety of human beings and the environment under conditions of intense use of offshore and onshore nuclear-powered facilities some representative LPNPP emplacements were identified as of the time of this writing. Promising sites were selected based on the following criteria: analysis of electrical loads of existing and prospective consumers in the Russian Arctic region, and publications about pilot LPNPP sites in open sources (
Prospective offshore and onshore LPNPP emplacements in the Arctic region
Emplacement | Prospective electrical loads |
---|---|
Novaya Zemlya Archipelago (the Barents Sea), Bezymyannaya bay | Development of the Pavlovskoye lead-zinc deposit |
A hypothetical oil platform in the Barents or Kara Sea | Exploration and production drilling, oil production |
The port of Dickson | Reconstruction and expansion of the port of Dikson and its transport-and-social infrastructure; development of coking coal deposit |
The port of Tiksi | Reconstruction and expansion of the port of Tiksi and its transport-and-social infrastructure |
The town of Pevek, Chukotka Autonomous District | Expansion of the Chaun-Bilibino energy center for the development of deposits of mineral resources. Replacement of the FNPP during its overhaul. |
In accordance with the IAEA recommendations, when justifying and developing a methodology of studying radio-ecological hazards, the following features of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) should be taken into consideration as applied to LPNPPs (
The demand for Low-Power Nuclear Power Plants (LPNPPs) and their competitiveness will grow steadily in the conditions of electric-power industry decentralization, further spread of distributed generation and the development of technologically isolated power systems.
The designing of LPNPPs is based on a new philosophy of nuclear power application and firstly is related to both industrialization of their production and development of a technology for centralized SNF and radwaste management.
The development of a LPNPP system is possible using both existing audited technologies and completely new LPNPP developments based on the principles of series production, modular design, maximum autonomy, centralized handling and safe emplacement in the vicinity of the consumer.
The research was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 20 19 00615).